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游泳常見的脊椎和頸部傷害成因?
雖然脊椎和頸部的運動傷害比較少發生於游泳運動,但是脊椎若發生了運動傷害,它的治療可能比肩膀運動傷害更棘手。大部分而言,脊椎的傷害主要是一種由平日訓練中所累積出來的慢性病,因為它們大都是由於沒有察覺到的划水動作所導致,例如:只用單邊換氣、換氣時沒有用軀幹帶動頸部轉動換氣。游泳過程中的頸部和肩膀的型態很像人類站立,此動作會施加壓力於脊椎上。在大多數的案例中,游泳造成的脊椎運動傷害,是因為運動員在過去曾發生已知或未知的脊椎損傷後不但沒有讓損傷好好恢復,又繼續運動讓病情惡化的緣故。
接著,請大家可以檢查看看,目前喜歡練游泳的你是否有下列症狀:
頸部傷害的症狀
頸部和頸椎傷害可以區分為神經根病變(radiculopathy)、神經根炎(radiculitis)、椎間盤突出(herniated or bulging disc)或椎間盤退化症(degenerative disc disease with symptoms),這些症狀可能包含:
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放射狀疼痛(radiating pain)
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手臂的麻痺(numbness)或刺痛(tingling)
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因為轉動或伸展頭部造成的肩膀夾擠痛
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明顯喪失轉動頭部的能力
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突發的手臂無力感或肌肉萎縮。
下背與腰椎傷害的症狀
下背或腰椎的傷害,例如神經根病變、神經根炎、腰椎狹窄(spinal stenosis)、椎間盤突出、椎間盤退化症和坐骨神經痛(sciatica),這些症狀可能包含:
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放射狀疼痛
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下背部在運動中或之後的麻木和刺痛感
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練泳過後坐下時所感到的臀部(buttocks)疼痛感,或是突發的小腿或膝蓋的無力感。
預防這些症狀的注意事項與訓練方式
預防游泳時的脊椎傷害,需要特別注意鐵人三項或游泳選手在游泳時,是否偏重單邊換氣或是左右手兩側的肌力發展不平均。運動時使用脊椎時要注意脊椎動作的完整性。對於一位每日工作於同一地點、需要進行長時間訓練的鐵人三項選手來說,加強肌力訓練和多伸展是很重要的。以下有一些運動可以幫助你保持脊椎的可動性和對稱性:
頸部旋轉伸展(Neck Rotation Stretch)
用你的左手抓住你頭的右方,並且往你的左肩膀的方向輕壓,記得保持雙肩垂下和放鬆。你應該感覺到右側頸部的舒適感,並且絕不要讓自己感到疼痛、麻目或無力。對於一個靜態伸展(static stretch)而言,記得保持伸展一分鐘然後換邊。兩邊都要施作三組。如果你在游泳之前做動態伸展(dynamic stretch),請重複多次的伸展並且不要在意角度。
【圖一】(a)先伸展頸部右側;(b) 接著再伸展頸部左側
坐在椅子上或瑜珈球上作軀幹旋轉(Seated trunk rotation on a chair or physioball)
臀部坐在瑜珈球上,並且保持膝蓋、雙手和背部保持一直線。舉起你的手到你的頭的後面或兩側。當你旋轉軀幹的時候盡力使用你的腹部、核心肌肉,並且注意不要讓臀部、膝蓋和雙手移動。在做動作時你會感受到上背和肩膀有伸展到,保持伸展姿勢一分鐘,然後換邊,一邊要做三次。
【圖二】坐姿軀幹旋轉
站立時手臂過頭向後伸展(Standing back extension with arms overhead)
站立並且將手舉過頭,保持手肘和手臂伸直成一直線。輕輕地依序伸展你的脊背、頸部最後是頭部。思考個別從腳底到頭頂移動脊椎骨(vertebrae),並且感受脊椎、核心肌力的伸展和肩膀靠攏。過程中,你絕不讓自己感覺到痛、麻木、刺痛或是昏眩,並且保持伸展姿勢一分鐘後放鬆,總共作三組。
【圖三】站立時手臂過頭向後伸展
出處:Joe Friel,Jim Vance, editors (2013). Triathlon science.,464, 465, 466, 467. United States of America: Human Kinetics.
原文:
Spine and neck injuries
Although less common in swimming, a spinal injury may be more deblitating than an injury to the shoulder. Typically, spinal injuries become chronic in nature because they are adjusted or compensated for by the athlete’s unknowingly changing the stroke pattern (i.e., turning out of one side only or rotating the trunk instead of the neck). Posture and positioning of the neck and shoulders during swimming, much like in sitting, plays a significant role in the amount of stress placed on the spine. In most cases, spinal injuries resulting from swimming are related to the aggravation of an already pathological spine by prolonged spinal positioning, meaning that the athlete has had a known or unknown spinal injury in the past.
Neck or cervical injuries can be described as radiculopathy, radiculitis, herniated or bulging disc, or degenerative disc disease with symptoms that may include radiating pain, numbness or tingling into the arm, scapular(shoulder blade) pain with turning or extending the head, a noticeable loss of head-turning ability, or sudden arm weakness or muscle atrophy. Low-back or lumbar injuries such as radiculopathy, radiculitis, spinal stenosis, herniated or bulging disc, degenerative disc disease, and sciatica may also include radiating pain, numbness or tingling in the lower extremity during or after swim, pain in the buttocks while sitting after a swim workout, or sudden leg or ankle weakness.
Preventing spinal injury in swimmers requires particular attention to the triathlete’s symmetry of spinal rotation, mobility into extension, and overall posture. Exercise should focus on moving the spine with full range of motion. Exercise are particularly important for triathletes who have day jobs that require prolonged sitting or standing in one place. The following recommendations and exercises will help keep the spine mobile and its movement symmetrical.
Neck Rotation Stretch
Grab the right side of your head with your left hand and gently pull your head toward your left shoulder. Keep both shoulders down and relaxed. You should feel stretch on the right side of the neck. You should nerve feel pain, numbness, or tingling. For a static stretch, hold the stretch for 1 minute and switch sides. Perform three stretches on each side.
If you perform stretch prior to swimming, perform dynamic stretches. Repeat the stretch multiple times without holding the stretch at the end range.
Seated Trunk Rotation on a Chair or Physioball
Sit on a physioball with the hips, kness, and feet in line and the back straight. Lift your arms so that your hands are behind or to the sides of your head. Engage your abdominal muscles and core as you rotate your trunk as far as possible. Do not allow the hips, kness, or feet to move. Feel the stretch around your midback and shoulders. Hold the stretch for 1 minute then stretch to the other side. Perform three stretches on each side.
Standing Back Extension With Arms Overhead
Stand and lift your arms overhead, keeping the elbows straight and arms in. Gently extend your spine back, extending the neck and head last. Think about moving each vertebrae individually from the bottom to the top. Feel the stretch in the spine, abdominal muscles, and shoulders blades. You should never feel pain, numbers, tingling, or dizziness. Hold the stretch for 1 minute then release. Stretch three times.
讀後心得與啟發:
在《運動傷害圖解聖經》中,對於游泳這項運動有頸部和脊椎的運動傷害詳細的介紹,在此我以更有系統的方式整理出來、並且附上相關示意圖,讀者們就可以更理解在游泳訓練時對於頸部和脊椎的傷害描述和預防方式(以下內容和圖片,摘自DK Publishing:《運動傷害圖解聖經》,台北市:旗標,2012,頁40,56,60,220,240):
游泳時,頭部快速的旋轉會導致肌肉的拉傷,像是「頸部拉傷」。頸椎,位於脊椎的最上段,這是一個連接顱骨與胸椎(脊椎中段)的構造,包含七塊骨頭,周圍被肌肉、肌腱與韌帶所包圍。(參考圖四:頸部拉傷)所以「頸部拉傷」是頸椎周圍肌肉、肌腱與韌帶拉傷的統稱,原因是從高處跌落、突然的撞擊或扭轉頸部會對頸椎上附著的肌肉、肌腱或韌帶產生應力。這邊可以想像成因為頸椎突然承受外來力量,因此導致周邊組織受傷。
【圖四】頸部拉傷
這邊也推薦一個「徒手等張收縮(Manual Isometrics)」運動(見下圖五的三個步驟),來幫助復健或是初期鍛鍊頸部肌肉用。這個等張收縮的徒手頸部肌力訓練,可用站姿或坐姿進行。對頸部受傷或是開始訓練頸部的人而言,這是一個必要的復健運動。隨著肌力的進步,可以結合彈力帶或重量訓練機器來提供頸部足夠的負荷。
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步驟一:雙手十指交握於頭部後方,頸部出力讓頭部像後頂住雙手,保持手的位置不要移動。用力幾秒鐘,然後放鬆。
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注意:1. 頭部用力向後推,來抵抗阻力。2. 保持手部的位置
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步驟二:掌根頂住頭部側面,頸部用力向側面推,抵抗來自手的阻力。用力幾秒鐘後放鬆。然後換邊進行。
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注意:1. 頸部用力向側面推,來抵抗阻力。2. 保持頸部不要移動頭部
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步驟三:將右手掌置於太陽穴,左手掌至於頭部後方。頭部向右方旋轉施力,雙手同時提供阻力,保持頸部直立,頭部不要移動。用力幾秒鐘後放鬆。然後換邊進行。
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注意:1. 頸部抵抗阻力旋轉。2. 保持頸部直立,不要移動頭部
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再來,快速的轉身(茗傑註:像是游泳選手比賽時的轉身蹬牆)可能會導致下背的「椎間盤突出」,此症狀是因為在每一節脊椎骨之間都墊著一塊盤狀軟骨(椎間盤)作吸震與緩衝,這些軟骨的中心是柔軟的膠狀物質,外圍則由堅韌的纖維組織所包圍,如果椎間盤受擠壓而破裂或「滑動」(即椎間盤突出),內部的流體就會壓迫到脊神經根(參考圖七:椎間盤突出)。
長時間的游泳訓練也會對背部造成壓力,有可能會對椎間盤造成傷害。下背部是椎間盤突出的好發部位,但也可能發生於脊椎的任何一節,突出之後受到壓迫的神經會造成下背痛與坐骨神經痛(或是從下背延伸至臀部、大腿、小腿的疼痛感)。
【圖六】坐骨神經痛:坐骨神經是人體最大的周邊神經,從脊椎的下段一路延伸到腳掌,受損傷時其所經之處都可能發生疼痛。
【圖七】椎間盤突出:椎間關節是由兩塊脊椎骨與其間的盤狀軟骨所構成,當椎間盤滑動時,鄰近的神經就會被壓迫
所以要預防這些病狀的發生,平日的柔軟度訓練就顯得重要
這邊介紹一種柔軟度訓練方式:「闊背肌伸展(Lat Stretch)」(參考圖八:闊背肌伸展(Lat Stretch)
【圖八】闊背肌伸展(Lat Stretch)
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站立於一能支撐體重的支撐物前,以雙手抓握並將身體往後傾。
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屈曲膝部,雙腿向地面施力,手臂向後拉
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注意:1. 在闊背肌處有伸展的感覺。2. 保持膝蓋微彎。
圖片來源:Triathlon science與《運動傷害圖解聖經》
耐力網相信訓練是科學也是藝術,而訓練的藝術,是科學化的極致表現。