文/耐力網/莊茗傑
針對自行車的運動傷害與預防
自行車應該是鐵人三項中最科學化的一項了。每位運動員生理上獨特的生物力學特色(茗傑註:例如身高和體態),和自行車的特殊幾何結構之間的良好搭配,藉此來達到最佳的表現。換句話說,自行車一定要使身體的骨骼肌不藉由浪費過多的力氣來對抗阻力,因為當人體在超出生物力學限制上運作時,是受傷便是不可避免的。
2010年11月,美國運動醫學雜誌,對於專業自行車選手與自行車有關的意外受傷,發表了一篇研究。挪威的研究學者訪問了109位患有過度運動傷害的專業自行車選手持續1年以上,得出過度使用的運動傷害主要來自於下背和膝蓋:
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45%的過度運動傷害是下背
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23%是膝蓋
另外,嚴重到會讓運動員無法參賽的運動傷害統計出來共有二十三種,最主要的三種來自於:
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57%是膝蓋
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22%是下背
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13%是小腿
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少數自行車選手會棄賽的原因是因為小腿
要知道下背傷害是最常見的,但是最大部分的停練與棄賽的原因來自於膝蓋受傷。
雖然頸部和上背的運動傷害比起下背痛,比較少在自行車運動項目中發生,可是在自行車這項運動中,這兩種部位的運動傷害還是很常發生,主要是因為騎乘時頸部和頭持續維持同一姿勢過久。在頸椎過度伸展和胸椎過度彎曲的過程中,大量壓力集中在這兩個部位,導致這兩點或之間的部分受傷。如果運動員有不尋常的動作或以前就有的舊傷,那這種姿勢可能造成受傷或導致過度使用的傷害。
頸部和上背痛
2007年,發表於期刊《神經外科:脊椎》(Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine), 164頁上的研究,對於有關多項運動選手的頸部運動傷害意外,提出了一份醫學問卷調查。將近有64%的運動員反應他們的頸部傷害跟運動有關。這是多年來,根據以往運動人口的相關運動傷害的統計。
對於運動傷害首要的預防方式,建議鐵人三項選手可以藉由專業自行車運動教練指導你如何在頸部和上背適當的位置進行伸展。就像是整天坐在電腦前,坐在自行車上,對脊椎造成姿勢上的緊張和僵硬,導致潛在的過度使用傷害。頸部和上背的預防運動,在自行車上的頸部和上背的位置是怎樣,在伸展時你應該著重於反方向才是。
「牆壁天使」(Wall angels)是頸椎和上背傷害發生的良好預防運動。之前提到的有關於游泳胸椎伸展上半部滾筒運動和在瑜珈球上作TS動作,也是很有效的(參考〈如何預防游泳可能造成的運動傷害-肩膀篇〉)
牆壁天使
- 姿勢1:開始動作是背部、臀部、頭和手臂靠著牆
- 姿勢2:舉起手臂過頭,慢慢沿著牆壁降低手臂,專注於擠壓肩膀靠攏
- 總共做2到3組,每次10到15下
(參考圖Wall angels: (a)position 1;(b)postion 2,)
出處:Joe Friel,Jim Vance, editors (2013). Triathlon science.,468, 469. United States of America: Human Kinetics.
原文:
Cycling-Specfic Injuries and Prevention
Cycling is probably the most scientific of the three disciplines. A symbiotic relationship requires a perfect match of an athlete’s unique biomechanical characteristics with a specific geometry to reach optimal performance. In other words, the bike must allow the body to function without excessive musculoskeletal resistance or wasted energy. When the body is pushed beyond its biomechanical limit, breakdown may occur and result in injury.
In Decemeber 2010 the American Journal of Sport Medicine published research on the incidence of cycling-related injury in professional cyclists. The researchers from Norway interviewed 109 professional cyclists about overuse injuries that they had sustained in the previous 12 months. Results of the study revealed that 45 percent of overuse injuries were located in the lower back and 23 percent in the knee. Twenty-three time-loss injuries were registered──57 percent in the knee, 22 percent in the lowe back, and 13 percent in the lower leg. Few cyclists had missed competitions because of pain in the lower back(6 percent) or anterior knee (9 percent). Note that lower-back injuries were the most common, although knee injuries resulted in the largest amount of training and racing time lost.
Although less common than low-back pain in cycling, cervical (neck) and thoracic (midback) injuries in cycling are frequent and typically related to the position of the head and neck over long periods. With the cervical spine maximally extended and the thoracic spine maximally flexed, tremendous stress is created at the transiton, or breaking, point between the two. If the athlete has abnormal mobility or has sustained an injury in the past, this position can cause pain or create an overuse injury.
Neck and Mideback Pain
In a 2007 study on the incidence of neck pain in multisport athletes published in the Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, 164 athletes responded to a medical questionnaire. Approximately 64 percent of responding athletes reported that their neck pain was sports related. Total years inthe sport and number of previous sports-related injuries were predictive.
The most critical preventative measure that a triathlete can take with regard to neck and midback pain in cycling is proper positioning with a bike fit done by an experienced professional. Much like sitting at the computer all day, sitting on the bike causes postural stiffness and tension in the spine, creating potential for overuse injury. Prevention exercises for the neck and midback should focus on moving the spine in the direction opposite that which it remains in for long periods on the bike. Wall angels are good preventative exercise for the neck and midback. Thoracic extension over half foam (figure 35.1) and Ts on a physioball (figure35.3) from the section on swimming injury prevention are also effective exercises.
Wall Angels
Position 1 (a): Start with the back, hips,head, and arms against a wall.
Positon 2 (b): Raise the arms above the head. Slowly lower the arms down the wall, emphasizing squeezing the shoulder blades back and together. Complete two or three sets of 10 to 15 repetitions.
心得
首先,先附上有關「牆壁天使」的相關動作影片「滑牆(Wall Slides)Wall Slides」
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7nex97cNoo
作此動作時可以站著貼著牆壁,或是採取影片中半蹲的方式,看哪一種方式你比較能接受。
騎乘自行車的時候,頸部和上背都會因為需要長時間維持同個動作因而受到持續性的壓力。下圖表示「自行車騎坐姿騎乘」與「自行車離座抽車」的壓力示意圖。為了避免相關運動傷害的發生(例如「頸部拉傷」),我們可以搭配相關的肌力運動,例如文中提到的「牆壁天使」,或是之前在介紹過的「胸椎伸展上半部滾筒運動」和「在瑜珈球上作TS動作」。(相關介紹可以參考〈如何預防游泳運動對於肩膀的傷害-脊椎和頸部篇〉與〈如何預防游泳可能造成的運動傷害-肩膀篇〉)
我這邊再補充幾種有關於頸部和上背部肌力訓練的方法
(以下圖片和進行的順序說明,摘自夏農.沙凡:《自行車騎乘解剖書》,新北市:大家出版,2013,頁48,49,88,89)
頸部仰起(Neck Extender)
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進行的順序:
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1. 跪在彈力球旁,胸部前傾靠在彈力球上,雙手握住一個槓鈴片放在頭部後方。
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2. 動作從頸部前彎的位置開始,慢慢伸直頸部將頭部抬起,直到模擬出騎車時頸部的位置為止。
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3. 回到初始的位置。
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- 茗傑提醒:槓片的重量一定要量力而為,一開始越輕越好,等肌肉更有力才開始加重。
但要是沒有彈力球呢?沒關係!也可以將彈力球改為長凳或是椅子的動作:
長凳上練習頸部仰起(Neck Extender on Bench)
- 說明:如果你的背部或膝蓋有困難,無法靠在彈力球上,可以坐在長凳上進行相同的訓練。這種方式的穩定度較高,但仍著重在相同的肌肉。
- 茗傑提醒:這個動作的穩定性比在彈力球上好許多,但是槓片的重量依然要量力而為,一開始越輕越好,等肌肉更有力才開始加重。
身體前彎拉起槓鈴 (Bent-Over Barbell Row)
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進行的順序:
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1. 站立,上半身向前彎和地板呈45度角。雙臂張開約與肩同寬,手臂伸直,雙手由上往下握住槓鈴。
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2. 軀幹保持不動,垂直向上將槓鈴拉起,靠近胸腔的下緣。
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3. 暫停在這個位置幾秒鐘,將槓鈴放下回到初始位置。
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- 茗傑註:同上述的備註,欲速則不達。
圖片來源:Triathlon science與《自行車騎乘解剖書》
耐力網相信訓練是科學也是藝術,而訓練的藝術,是科學化的極致表現。